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LINCOLN UNIVERSITY; 



OR, 



THE NATIONS FIRST PLEDGE 



OF 



EMANCIPATION. 

BY 

WILLIAM D. JOHNSON, 

A STUDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY. 



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LINCOLN UNIVERSITY; 



OR, 



THE NATION'S FIRST PLEDGE 



OP 



EMANCIPATION. 



WILLIAM D. JOHNSON, 



BY 



A STUDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY. 



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11 Come back to the truths that are in the Declaration of Independence. You may- 
do anything with me you choose, if you will but heed these sacred principles. You 
may not only defeat me for the Senate, but you may take me and put me to death." 

Abraham Lincoln, 1858. 



% PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR 

1867. 



Printed by Alfred Martien, 
21 south Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 



■*1 






PEEFACE 



The author of this pamphlet is aware that many apologies 
should be made for offering it to the public. The work of 
its composition has occupied only the spare moments of a 
few weeks; while he has been constantly engaged in the 
engrossing studies of the college course. 

His chief object has been to meet the pressing demands 
for information as to the character and condition of Lin- 
coln Univeesity, which a residence of five years in the 
institution enables him to give. 

Besides, it seems that an institution resting upon so 
broad and popular a foundation, and designed to meet the 
issues of such a crisis as is now upon the American people, 
should be brought prominently before the public. 

Connected with the great name of our martyred President, 
Abeaham Lincoln, this University stands at once his 
memento, and an asylum for the millions for whom he sacri- 
ficed his life. 

In presenting this pamphlet to the generous reader, the 
author trusts that it may, in some degree, contribute to the 
promotion of Education and Christianity. 



LINCOLN UNIVERSITY. 



Lincoln University is situated in Lower Oxford Town- 
ship, Chester County, Pennsylvania. It was incorporated 
by the Legislature of the State in 1854, under the title of 
Ashmun Institute. Its design was, to give a Theological, 
Classical, and Scientific training to young men of color. 

The following gentlemen composed the first Board of 
Trustees : 

Rev. John M. Dickey, D. D. 
Rev. AlfrId Hamilton, D. D. 
Rev. Robert P. Dubois. 
Rev. James Latta. 
Rev. John B. Spotswood, D. D. 
Rev. James M. Crowell, D. D. 
Samuel J. Dickey, Esq. 
John M. Kelton, Esq, 
William Wilson, Esq. 

Buildings, &c. 

The University occupies a prominent and commanding 
position upon one of the highest hills in this undulating 
district. From its roof the eye looks down upon five 
thrifty villages, besides the beautiful and enterprising town 
of Oxford, three miles in the distance. These, with the 
surrounding hills and fertile valleys — the placid streams, 
now and then making a rapid bound toward the head- 
waters of the Chesapeake, fill the mind of the spectator 
with mingled emotions of beauty and sublimity. 

The locality is very healthy; no student has ever died in 
the Institution. The Philadelphia and Baltimore Central 



8 

Railroad passes within half a mile of the University, afford- 
ing ample railroad and postal facilities. 

The two principal buildings are called Ashmun Hall and 
Lincoln Hall. 

On the 30th of December, 1856, Ashmun Institute was 
solemnly dedicated to the purposes of its erection. The 
oration was delivered by Rev. C. Van Rensselaer, 1). D., to 
a large assemblage of philanthropists from various parts of 
the country. Hope and fear struggled in each breast, as 
they contemplated the future of the first American College 
looking to the education of a people " despised and rejected." 
With prayer they commended it to God. 

The Institute was opened for the reception of students, 
January 1st, 1857. 

Ashmun Hall. 

Ashmun Hall is built of brick, made and delivered upon 
the ground by Samuel Glasgow, a colored man of great 
enterprise, now a colonist in Africa. It is fifty feet in length, 
forty in breadth, and three stories high. It forms the rear of 
Lincoln University. The first stcfiry of Ashmun Hall is 
used as a refectory, the second and third as study rooms. 

TAncoln J fall. 

Lincoln Hall was opened Sept. 12th, 1866. It is sixty feet 
square, projecting ten feet each side of Ashmun Hall. It is 
made of fine brick, and has three pediment gables. The 
entire work has been tastefully executed according to the 
design of the celebrated architects, Messrs. Sloan & Hut- 
ton, of Philadelphia. The total length of the two buildings 
is one hundred and ten feet. ' The beautiful cupola when 
finished, is to rise thirty feet above the main structure, giv- 
ing an elevation of eighty feet from the ground. 

The University fronts towards the east; and from the 
large portico a door opens into the vestibule of the first 
floor. Along this hall are located the office, reception-room, 
private parlor, recitation and reading-rooms, and the labo- 
ratory. 

On the second floor are the library, rooms for recitations 
in theology, languages, mathematics, and general science. 
The walls and ceilings throughout this story have been 



handsomely stuccoed by Mr. Richard Milligan, of* Oxford, 
Pennsylvania. 

The Chapel is on the south side of the central hall. It is 
plain, though tastefully arranged, and will seat two hundred 
students. Over the pulpit in the west end, are representations 
of three tablets, upon which are written the decalogue and 
the Lord's prayer. In the opposite extremity is an eleva- 
tion for the choir. A new organ has been purchased for 
the chapel at a cost of $200, which was raised principally 
by the students. 

The third and fourth stories are occupied as dormitories. 

Dwellings. 

There are three fine dwellings belonging to the Univer- 
sity, occupied by the families of the President and Profes- 
sors. The two represented in the cut are similar in size 
and structure. They are forty feet front and thirty-six deep, 
are of excellent finish, and standing on either side of the 
main edifice present an imposing appearance. 

The land of the University, about forty-four acres, lies on 
both sides of the road, and was purchased with a view to 
future enlargements. The ornamental trees, grassy mounds, 
and gravel walks immediately surrounding the buildings 
are worthy of attention. 

The value of the entire property is estimated at $63,000. 

II. INSTRUCTION. 

Early Professors, 

The Professors of the University have been selected from 
the most learned men in the country. Rev. John P. Carter, 
of Baltimore, Md., was the first President, and Professor of 
Theology. In 1861, he was succeeded by Rev. John W. 
Martin, D. D., who had previously held many positions of 
literary distinction. Dr. Martin was assisted by Rev. P. P. 
Hedges, a graduate of the College. The following is the 
Doctor's report to the Board of Education for 1864, and is a 
fair representation of the work of Ashmun Institute during 
the first seven years of its history. 



10 

REPORT OF DR. MARTIN FOR 1864. 

" Oxford, Chester Co., Pa., Feb. 1864. 

"During the past year we have had in this Institute eighteen students. 
They study spelling, reading, penmanship, geography, general history, 
English grammar, composition, elocution, mathematics, the Hebrew, 
Greek, and Latin languages, church history, and theology. In the last- 
named subject we include all pulpit exercises, such as prayer, praise, read- 
ing and exposition of Scripture, with preaching, catechising, systematic 
and pastoral theology. Sacred music is, to the students generally, a de- 
lightful exercise, and its cultivation is especially recommended to such stu- 
dents as wish to be teachers and missionaries. 

"Fourteen of our students are preparing for the ministry, of which four 
have been licensed during the year by the proper authorities of the Epis- 
copal, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches. 

"Although most of our students desire to be teachers or preachers, yet 
we receive youth and men of color, without any religious test. 

"Of our Alumni, twelve have entered the ministry of the Methodist, 
Presbyterian, and Baptist churches, including, of course, the three mis- 
sionaries, whose arrival in Africa enabled our Foreign Mission to form 
their first Old-school Presbytery in that grand division of the globe. AVe 
have also sent forth eleven teachers for common schools in different States, 
for Africa, and for different places where freedmen congregate. As few, 
if any, of the normal schools for teachers would receive colored men as 
students, and as our students generally carry into their schools our habits 
of Bible reading, prayer, and praise, this department seems second only to 
the ministry of the gospel. Our students have also attained respectable 
offices in the counting-house, the library, the lyceum, the navy, the army, 
and the press. The editor's chair and the office of sergeant major have 
already been attained ; and as prejudice against color yields to enlightened 
public opinion, we hope' that some of our Alumni, or of their students, will 
be prepared to compete creditably for the highest offices accessible to their 
race. 

"Such facts, with the cheerful aid afforded us by your Board, and by a 
few of the excellent in our land, call upon us clearly to thank God and 
take courage. 

"As to endowment, two friends have proposed to give, each a thousand 
dollars, if, in addition to these we raise six thousand. Having no paid 
agent, and the little staff of instructors being more than fully occupied in 
our special work, the raising of funds devolves almost wholly upon the 
Rev. Dr. Dickey, President of the Trustees. 

"We may add that this has been the most favorable year for our institu- 
tion, and for the African Americans, upon which the sun has ever shone. 
To God alone be all the praise through Jesus Christ. 
" I am, dear brother, gratefully yours, 

J. W. Martin, Principal." 

Dr. Martin resigned in 1861, when the present faculty 
was organized. 



11 

FACULTY. 

President, Rev. ISAAC N. REND ALL, New York. 
Professor, Rev. LORENZO WESTCOTT, New Jersey. 
Tutors— A. D. MINOR, 

JOHN B. RENDALL. 

COURSE OF STUDY. 
Preparatory Department. 

FIRST SESSION. SECOND SESSION. 

Geography (Guyot's), Geography, 

Arithmetic (Greenleaf s), Arithmetic, 

English Grammar (Bullion's), English Grammar, 

Latin Grammar (Bullion's). Latin Reader. 

Collegiate Department. 

FIRST YEAR. 

' FIRST SESSION. SECOND SESSION. 

Algebra, Algebra, 

Latin, Latin, 

Greek Grammar (Bullion's), Greek Reader, 

Universal History, Roman History, 

Rhetoric, Rhetoric, 

Physical Geography. Physical Geography. 

SECOND YEAR. 

FIRST SESSION. SECOND SESSION. 

Geometry (Playfair's Euclid), Geometry, 

Latin, Plane Trigonometry, 

Latin Prose Composition, Latin, 

Greek, Greek, 

History, Greek Prose Composition, 

Constitution of the United States, Natural Theology, 

Natural Philosophy. Chemistry. 

THIRD YEAR. 

FIRST SESSION. SECOND SESSION. 

Trigonometry, Astronomy, 

Navigation and Surveying, Geology, 

Latin, Latin, 

Greek, Greek, 

Chemistry, Mental Philosophy, 

Logic, Moral Philosophy, 

Evidences of Christianity. Evidences of Christianity. 

Theological Studies. 

FIRST TEAR. SECOND YEAR. 

Greek Testament, Greek Testament, 

Hebrew, Hebrew, 

Church History, Didactic Theology, 

Church Government, Pastoral Theology, 

Homiletics. Homiletics. 

The Bible is a text book throughout the entire course of 
study. 

Each student completing the college course receives the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts. 



12 

The collegiate year consists of forty weeks, during which 
time the students have four examinations. Each examina- 
tion has met the highest expectations of the Faculty and 
Trustees. With the same patient industry by which their 
labor has enriched the world, they are taking up the prob- 
lems of religion and science; and it is to be hoped that 
their labors in these new fields will be followed by the most 
profitable results. 

The Commencement of ISO 6. 

This commencement was attended by the first ladies and 
gentlemen of the country. It was a glorious day! Many 
will never forget it. 

On the part of the students, the exercises showed deep 
scientific thought and moral culture. They also expressed 
a becoming gratitude toward those who had stood by our 
race in the darkest hour of peril; and rose to outbursts of 
joy in the prospect of returning justice. 

Major-General O. O. Howard rose and said; "This is 
one of the most happy moments of my life. The sentiments 
of these young men have stirred your hearts, and they have 
stirred mine. Now we are beginning to see the fruits of 
many years of toil for the elevation of this people. For 
myself, I feel encouraged to labor on, believing that the 
time is near when not one shall drag the chain." 

Remarks were also made by Hon. Wm. E. Dodge, Rev, 
John M. Dickey, D. D., Rev. S. C. Logan, and other distin- 
guished gentlemen. 

The allusions to President Lincoln were touching in the 
extreme. In the name of a nation's martyr, a nation's pledge 
was sealed — a pledge of universal and complete emancipation. 

III. STUDENTS. 

There are eighty-eight students in the University. They 
are from all sections of the country, representing sixteen 
States of the Union, and nearly all Protestant denomina- 
tions of Christians. There are in the theological depart- 
ment three ordained ministers and six licentiates. 

Thirty of the students served in the army and navy of 
the Republic during the rebellion, and took part in the 



13 

great battles before Charleston, Fort Fisher, Honey Hill, 
Petersburg, and Port Hudson. 

Many of the students are in possession of useful trades, 
and have left promising situations to embrace the oppor- 
tunities here offered for study. They manifest great diver- 
sity of natural taste and ability. Some excel in the mathe- 
matics, some in the sciences, and some in the languages. 
A mysterious Providence seems to have chosen them out 
from the millions, in order that they might be prepared in 
the shortest possible time, to become guides and instructors 
of our oppressed brethren. And what is more strange, 
some who seemed most stultified by the blighting influence 
of slavery, have showed that they possess minds susceptible 
of high cultivation. Like the treasure of our fatherland 
that has remained concealed more than a dozen centuries in 
the mountains and plains of that vast continent, the intel- 
lect of its sons has long been buried beneath mountains of 
sore oppression and prejudice. But those huge mountains 
are being uprooted and ground to powder by the power of 
civil and religious liberty. The mind and treasure of 
Africa have never been lost to the world. But they have 
been reserved, in the purposes of an unseen Providence, for 
this time, and are destined to shine with the collected 
splendor of ages, in future periods of history. 

Garnet Lyceum. 

Connected with the University is a literary association, 
known as the Garnet Lyceum. It is named after that noble 
servant of God, Rev. Henry Highland Garnet, who was the 
first of a sable skin to declare the name of Jesus in the 
legislative hall of the nation. All the students are mem- 
bers of the Lyceum. The exercises are designed to fit its 
members for the duties of active life. The members are 
divided alphabetically into six divisions; and so arranged 
that each division performs in one class of the exercises 
every two weeks. They consist of debating, reading, com- 
position, and speaking. The zeal with which these duties 
are performed, is worthy of remark. 

The society elects its own officers, who serve for a term 
of six weeks. The stated meetings are every Friday even- 
ing. 



14 

Ashmun Institute Journal. 

This is the name of a neatly printed newspaper, formally 
issued by Ashmun Institute, the work of which was carried 
on principally by the students. Its motto was, " The night is 
far spent ; the day is at hand." Its columns were devoted 
to the interests of the institution, and the elevation of the 
colored race. Its publication was discontinued in 1860. 

Religion in the University, 

Religious influence in the University is great. Morning 
and evening prayers, the sermon and conference of the Sab- 
bath day are regular college exercises, upon which all the 
students are expected to attend. Besides these, a flourish- 
ing noon-day prayer meeting has been kept up by the 
students since the opening of Ashmun Institute. The 
godly example of those who are most zealous in this meet- 
ing, wields a powerful influence over every young man in 
the institution. There has been almost a continuous revi- 
val of religion among them for three years. Sometimes the 
Holy Spirit sheds his influence like the silent dew of heaven, 
and the burdened sigh alone escapes the lips of the laden 
sinner, and is followed by gentle accents of praise; and 
then He comes like the sound of a rushing, mighty wind, 
and the unregenerate soul cries out, "men and brethren, 
what shall I do to be saved]" and men saved by the power 
of Jesus shout hallelujah to his name. 

National Sentiment of the Students, 

The strong national feeling that inspires the breast of the 
Africo-American is nowhere more displayed than among 
the students of Lincoln University. The Constitution of 
the United States is a regular study of the Freshman Class; 
and as they behold its ample provisions, sustained by the 
sanction of justice and humanity, binding together a com- 
mon and mighty people with a grasp stronger than the 
bands of Orion, that noble patriotism which characterized 
them in less auspicious days, bursts forth in the glow of 
admiration. To appreciate fully the love which these 
young men have for the country and flag of the Union, we 
must go back to the period of the nation's inception. Go, 
break the bow of the dusky warrior, and turn the toma- 



15 

hawk that is raised in vengeance — bow to the rigors of 
taxation without representation — shiver with Washington 
in the march to Valley Forge — achieve again the victories 
of the Jerseys, and for the first time, see the flag float, free 
as the winds of heaven over the City of Brotherly Love. 
That flag is a purer, a brighter emblem to-day! Beneath 
her folds the shackles of two mighty races have been 
broken, and sanctified afresh in the life-blood of freedom, 
in glory she streams over a united Western world. And the 
eagle to-day, cut loose from the trammels of slavery, soars 
nearer the sun of liberty, and claims a wider space for his 
majestic wing. 

IV. GROWTH OF LINCOLN UNIVERSITY. 

Its Founder— A Dark Night—Effect of the late War upon the 
Institution— The Prospect, &c, &c. 

In the light of the present day it is hard to understand 
the difficulties in the way of founding a college for the 
education of colored men in 1856. As we look upon the 
stately pile of Ashmun and Lincoln Halls, surrounded with 
the comfortable dwellings of the Professors, and attended 
by their hundred students, we can hardly realize that this 
was ever a difficult work. Such a sight in prospect would 
seem to touch the heart, and quicken the benevolence of 
every philanthropist: and yet this whole scheme was 
designed by one man. The founder of this institution was 
alone in this work for years. And even when the plan was 
formed, and brought to the attention of the public, he had 
to encounter cold indifference from most men high in 
place, both in Church and State; and actual opposition 
from others; whilst only a few were willing to speak a 
word of encouragement, and still fewer to lend material aid 
for its accomplishment. 

So great were the prejudices to be encountered that 
with great difficulty land was obtained on which to erect 
the college edifice. And when no means could be obtained 
from those who were most friendly, the founder of this 
Institution mortgaged his private property to obtain the 
means for erecting the first buildings; and for years he 
obtained the means of supporting both students and profes- 



16 

sors by application to personal friends ; supplementing what 
was wanting from his own private means. 

During all these dark days he never faltered in his course, 
surrounded by coldness, prejudice, and pecuniary embarrass- 
ment, he persevered with a steady hand, a warm heart, and 
a strong faith, until by the blessing of God his hopes and 
labors are about to be crowned with success. The man who 
did this, Rev. John M. Dickey, D. D., President of the 
Board of Trustees, is still laboring earnestly to complete 
the endowment of this Institution. History will do him 
justice. 

Lincoln University had but a small beginning. While 
the first buildings were being erected, Dr. Dickey instructed 
a single student in his own house. And the College was 
opened by Professor Carter with only four students, and it 
was not until the second year that an average of ten was 
reached. 

As. a pioneer in this work, Professor Carter was eminently 
successful. His course of instruction included the primary 
branches, besides philosophy, mathematics, and theology. 

Dr. Martin, the second President, came to the Institution 
at a time when it was under great embarrassment. The 
mind of the American people was then swelling with those 
convulsions which soon afterwards broke out into a desper- 
ate civil conflict. During this time the supports of the 
Institution were nearly all removed, and for a time its col- 
lapse was daily expected. Its old friends were alienated, 
its treasury exhausted, and many of its students enlisted for 
the war. Its existence was only preserved by the sacri- 
ficing efforts of Dr. Dickey. He had watched over its pro- 
gress, and guarded its interests, with an entire self-devotion. 
Relying upon the intimations of Providence, he had in- 
scribed deep in the marble slab that adorned the front of 
Ashmun Institute, these blazing words of inspiration, "The 

NIGHT IS FAR SPENT; THE DAY IS AT HAND." There was his 

hope; and upon its realization depended the great mission 
of his life. That hope was almost obscured by the darkness 
of the hour. The hallowed spirit of them that watch for 
the morning was fast yielding to a gloomy despair. But in 
that hour of weakness, God was imparting strength for the 



17 

labors of a glorious day. At that moment the light of a 
winged Providence was piercing the outer clouds of that 
black oppression which had settled down upon the great 
American continent; and that light was advancing with 
unmeasured swiftness towards the desecrated throne of civil 
and religious liberty. The day was at hand ; but the very 
heralds of the day-spring spread a universal consternation. 
The last of four terrible years lifted the dark curtain, and 
disclosed the worst horrors of a wicked, but mighty rebel- 
lion. War drove his midnight car to the utmost boundary 
of savage warfare — -the tocsin of every town, city, and vil- 
lage, called the last available man to the struggle of life and 
death, and the thunder of a thousand cannon shook the 
solid globe. The scudding rocket and bursting bomb cast 
a red glare over the wide, unsightly ravages of the monster, 
Slavery, who was then expiring in the midst of a million 
victims. There lies his huge carcass pierced by the swords 
of a billion freemen. Grim despair sits upon his brow, and 
oblivion waits to hide him from the eyes of mortals. There 
the sons of the Union, reposing in death, cover a hun- 
dred fields. A holy cause has left its brightest impress upon 
each devoted brow. Here the noble representatives of every 
nation gathered; and having placed their lives upon the 
sacred altars of liberty, they lay down in the embrace of a 
common brotherhood. Gracious Liberty will write their 
names in characters of light upon the Temple of Time, that 
the world's future generations may rise up and call them 
blessed. There, the noble Lincoln, the emancipator of the 
races, is struck down by the meanest assassin, and is borne 
by a mighty procession to the faithful tomb. The nations 
are his mourners. And though he sleep with his fathers, he 
lives in the heart of humanity. 

What soul can remain unmoved, in the contemplation of 
the trials from which we have just been freed] Whence 
came they, and from whom] "He doeth according to his 
will in the army of heaven and among the inhabitants of 
the earth; and none can stay his hand, or say unto him, 
What doest thou]" Dan. iv. 35. As a nation, God hath 
rejected all our affliction of soul and hypocrisy, and with a 
chastening hand, he hath made us willing to obey his great 



18 

command. " Is not this the fast that I have chosen 1 to 
loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, 
and let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke'? 
Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou 
bring in the poor that are cast out to thy house'? When 
thou seest the naked that thou cover him ; and that thou 
hide not thyself from thine own flesh ] Then shall thy light 
break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring 
forth speedily, and thy righteousness shall go before thee; 
the glory of the Lord shall be thy rereward." Isaiah lviii. 
6 — 8. Here we have the universal law of brotherly kind- 
ness. And it is alone by the light of the Holy One, that 
we are able to see the blessings of its fulfilment. The glory 
of his approbation now illumines our peaceful country. 
The poor bondman is joyfully returning from two and a half 
centuries of inhuman toil — his galling yoke is removed — 
the heavy burden rolls from his shoulders — the hand-cuff is 
broken, and a biting prejudice alone binds his bleeding 
limbs as he enters upon the common pursuits of men. 
This light now beams upon Lincoln University; and here 
these returning outcasts are enjoying the blessings of a 
Christian education. 

Although it was with much difficulty the Institution was 
kept open during the war, the very fact of overcoming, 
under such unfavorable circumstances, has inspired its 
friends with enlarged hope for its future success. The 
issues of the war have brought about a favorable and com- 
plete revolution in the operations of the Institution, as well 
as in popular opinion, with reference to its incalculable im- 
portance. New pecuniary resources have been opened up, 
and the proper persons are working to promote its interests. 
In the past two years its growth has surpassed all expecta- 
tion. Two new buildings have been erected, and other 
improvements made to the amount of $40,000. 

The charter has been so modified as to change the name 
to Lincoln University; and all the privileges have been 
secured, which its title implies. Vigorous efforts are now 
being made to raise an endowment of $250,000. The 
agents have met with great success, and it is hoped that in 
a short time this endowment will be complete. 



19 

Of this sum, the interest of $120,000 is to be devoted to 
the education of students, and $50,000 to the erection of 
new buildings. 

The schools of the Freedmen's Bureau and other educa- 
tional establishments, are sending large numbers here to 
pursue an advanced course of education. 

V. THE EDUCATION OF THE FREEDMEN A NATIONAL 

WORK. 

Slavery in the United States— Condition of the Freedmen—Some 
Special objects of the United States Constitution — Power of the 
people to educate, &c, 9 &c. 

In all governments there have been times when great 
evils have arisen; and every wise nation has taken measures 
to reform them. Even those who disregarded justice, have 
acted upon the self-evident truth that a national evil requires 
a national remedy. Our most illustrious statesmen and the 
great American people, have declared that slavery was a 
national evil; and its very principle has been condemned 
by the wise and good of all ages. And to no government 
could it be more destructive than one like our own; for it 
aims the death blow at the vitals of republican institutions. 
Wherever it has existed it has distracted the popular mind 
and arrayed the people against each other. And the nation 
that has not had the foresight and the power to check its 
progress, has fallen beneath its withering stroke. Slavery, 
as it existed in the United States, was long since regarded 
as a national evil; and it could not be destroyed by indi- 
vidual action. But feeding upon the life-blood of the nation 
it transformed itself into a mighty giant, whose grim stature 
darkened heaven; and standing upon a foundation of two 
and a half centuries, applied the accursed lever of civil war 
to the very corner-stone of a republic destined to become 
the model government of the world. His aim was the 
destruction of human liberty, and by the exertion of his 
evil power he shook the civilized world to its centre : till 
the nation rising up in the strength of a holy constitu- 
tional power, cut the giant down and stamped his name 
with eternal infamy. But evils seldom exist alone, and 
especially great evils. 

"One master passion nourished in the breast, 
Like Aaron's serpent swallows all the rest." 



20 

If it was our duty to destroy slavery as an evil, it is also ■ 
our duty to destroy those evils which grew out of it. 
Slavery was nourished in the bosom of the American people 
till it became lord of the land, and there followed in its train 
an innumerable retinue of evils. The greatest of these was 
ignorance; it still lives, and if not destroyed, slavery will 
yet obtain an inglorious resurrection by means of a wicked 
incantation. 

A crisis of an extraordinary character is upon the nation, 
and the nation must meet its issues. Four million human 
beings, blinded by the darkness of an awful dungeon, have 
come forth after a confinement of two hundred and forty- 
seven years. They are calling upon us for light. Their 
united prayer is wafted by every wind, and moves the 
Christian world. Give light! give light! is the Freedman's 
cry to philanthropy. We must give them light ; light of 
morality, light of the gospel, light of literature and practi- 
cal government. They are a part of the nation ; they served 
the people ; and the people have emancipated them in form ; 

but WITHOUT EDUCATION, EMANCIPATION IS NOT COMPLETE. 

We must educate them. 

This duty is in strict accordance with the spirit and letter 
of the Constitution, the first object of which is "to form a 
more perfect union." Education is the most effectual means 
for the accomplishment of this noble design. 

It was a notorious custom with the conquerors of the 
world, to force their language upon the conquered as the 
•best way of securing their affections. The language of the 
Britons withstood the occupation of the Romans, and was 
afterwards supplanted by the Anglo-Saxon language, which 
in turn was put under a heavy pressure from the Norman 
French ; but rising in its power and majesty, it triumphed 
over the Norman, and by new conquests is now binding the 
human family with its silken cords of harmony. 

Inheriting not only the English language, but a love for 
our customs and laws, these four million freedmen, properly 
educated, will add greatly to the controlling influence of the 
nation. The immortal Webster says, "It is every poor 
man's undoubted birthright — it is the great blessing which 
this Constitution has secured to him — it is his solace in life 



21 

and it may well be his consolation in death, that his coun- 
try stands pledged, by the faith it has plighted to all its 
citizens, to protect his children from ignorance, barbarity, 
and vice." Professor Burleigh says: "Let it never be for- 
gotten that teachers, and not warriors, common schools and 
not swords and bayonets, sustain and perpetuate the power 
and glory of our country and its more perfect union." 
Would we establish justice'? Human justice has its foun- 
dation in a knowledge of those moral and physical laws, by 
which God governs the universe. Would we insure domes- 
tic tranquillity'? Equalize the national mind. Would we 
provide for the common defence'? The combination of free 
American citizens will form a living, insurmountable bul- 
wark around the entire country. If we would promote the 
general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
selves and our posterity, let us be true to the Constitution — 
true alike to every citizen — true to the innate principle of 
justice — true to ourselves and to our God. These all com- 
bine with the genius of American liberty, and call upon us 
with an irresistible voice, to perform this sacred duty. It 
will be done. 

Already hundreds of teachers have gone into the field of 
labor. But there is a great deficiency. What an immense 
corps of teachers is required to meet the pressing demands 
of four million souls thirsting for truth ! 

Besides, it seems that the more intelligent of themselves 
should be speedily prepared to take part in this great work. 
We do not object to white teachers; but we do believe that 
well qualified colored teachers could accomplish more among 
them in the same time. The freedman recognizes them as 
having been fellow-sufferers in bondage. In them he sees 
a living proof of what he may become by application to 
study. 

It is in accordance with the conviction and wish of all 
classes that such teachers should be sent. But where shall 
they be obtained'? These demands cannot be met at present, 
but the educational resources of the American people, with 
a proper exertion, will be adequate to the occasion. 



22 

VI. LINCOLN UNIVERSITY AN IMPORTANT AGENOT 
IN THE EDUCATION OF THE FREEDMEN. 

Early advantages— Work of its Alumni among the freedmen—Us 
present position and aims. 

Ten years ago, under a wise and inscrutable Providence, jp 
Lincoln University was preparing to meet, in great part, the 
demands for the education of four million slaves, soon to be 
emancipated. And at this time it is better prepared to 
meet them than any other Institution in the country. 
Founded in prayer, favored by Almighty God, and sustained 
by a generous people, it may become a great national source 
of education. Its Trustees reside in different sections of the 
country; they represent the great Protestant denominations, 
and occupy the best positions in Church and State. Its 
students represent more States than existed when the Con- 
stitution was formed. And at this time one hundred and fifty 
applications for admission are before the Faculty, mostly 
from the South and West. The number of students will 
be increased to several hundred as soon as the necessary en- 
largements can be completed, 

Besides our Alumni laboring in foreign countries, and in 
the Eastern and Middle States, about fifteen are prosecuting 
the work of education and Christianization among the freed- 
men of the South — where some are also taking an active 1 
part in the work of reconstruction. They report that the i 
ill-feeling of the former master against the freed man is 
steadily decreasing; thus affording better opportunity for 
the operations of the teacher and preacher. 

Of the students now in the University, eighty have 
pledged themselves for this special work. 

The following figures are taken from the reports of Rev. 
P. P. Hedges, Rev. James PI. Crawford, and Robert G. 
Fitzgerald, as follows: 

Rev. P. !\ Sedges reports Camp Holmes, X. C. — Church, congregation 
200. School, pupils 1 !•>. 

Raleigh, N. C. — Church, congregation 300. 

Wilmington, X. C. — Church, members 45. congregation 100. School, 
pupils 60. Sabbath-school, 00. 

Edisto Island. S. C. — Church, 120 members. School, 330 pupils. Sab- 
bath-school, LOO. 

Rev. blames II. Crawford, missionary and superintendent of schools, 



23 

reports schools in Franklinton, Oxford, TVarrenton, and Louisburg, N. C. 
They have an aggregate of 720 pupils. His churches are in a nourishing 
condition. 

Robert Gr . Fitzgerald, teacher of the Freedman's school at Amelia 
Court House, Va., reports 392 pupils* 

These three young men have in a short time succeeded 
in bringing nearly two thousand freedmen under the in- 
fluence of religious and literary instruction. These are but 
the first fruits of Lincoln University. 

If any one make the objection that this is an institution 
for colored men, and therefore has a tendency to promote 
distinction of color, we admit that colored men may be 
received into some of the colleges of the country, and we 
have no objection to make. Would to God that all were 
open to them; but they are not. Some have been even 
removed from these, because it was found impossible to 
brook the current of an old established prejudice. 

There are now in the United States 230 colleges, 82 
theological seminaries, and 48 schools of medicine, having 
an aggregate of 5'9,866 students. How many of these stu- 
dents are colored] It is a question whether there be more 
in all the others than are now in Lincoln University. This 
Institution excludes no one on account of race or color. 
It is almost certain that all our literary institutions must 
adopt this just principle. But how long will it take to 
effect this revolution] At least one generation must pass 
away before it can be effected. This is no time for delay. 
Four millions of our brethren are in darkness ; and as Ame- 
rican citizens, greater responsibilities are every day being 
laid upon us. Ours is a present necessity ; and Lincoln 
University offers a present assistance. Lincoln University is 
in friendly relations with the first colleges in the country; 
and the attainments we make here will never exclude us 
from them. Even the ancients said, " The gods help them 
that help themselves." Besides, how many of our people are 
prepared to stand an examination for admission to college] 
The academies do not invite us. 

Here this disadvantage is obviated by the preparatory 
department, to enter which the student is required to have 
made but moderate attainments in the primary branches. 

The last and greatest consideration is that our people 



24 

generally are not able to pay the necessary expense of pur- 
suing an education. How many of our noble young men, 
from this very cause, are now hampered or circumscribed 
by ignorance'? Lincoln University proposes to meet this 
difficulty. In most colleges a scholarship covers only the 
charges for tuition ; but here it includes the cost of board, 
instruction, &c. And the Trustees have borne at least two- 
fifths of the entire expense of all the students since 1857. 

In view of the necessity and the time in which we live, 
no one can fail to see, that for the education of our people, 
these social and religious, literary and pecuniary advan- 
tages must place Lincoln University far in advance of all 
similar institutions in the country. And this is the result 
of its broad national character. 

VII. NECROLOGY. 
IZev. James Halston Amos, 

James Ralston Amos was a native of Pennsylvania. He 
spent the early part of his life on the farm, in the pur- 
suits of which he was very industrious. Although he 
had but little education at this time, he was possessed 
of an uncommon amount of native good sense. He was 
a devoted servant of God; and became a minister in the 
M. E. Church. He felt an intense desire for education, 
and having failed hi many attempts to secure it, he 
knew not what to do. Being strong in faith, he went to 
God in this time of need. He was seen regularly to 
approach a large stone near the present situation of Lin- 
coln University, but then a secluded place, where he was 
accustomed to pray that a door of education might be 
opened to him. 

In 1853, he wrote a letter to Rev. John M. Dickey, D. D., 
in which he described his feelings in regard to his inabili- 
ties, to perform with satisfaction the duties of the ministerial 
office, and implored the required assistance. Dr. Dickey 
: "Such an affecting letter I never before read." It is 
much regretted that a copy of it cannot be obtained for 
publication. He was immediately accepted by Dr. Dickey, 
and entered upon a thorough course of study under that 
eminent divine, who was ever afterwards his most devoted 
friend. 



25 

While thus prosecuting his studies he attended regularly 
to his appointments as a travelling minister, walking a dis- 
tance of twenty-seven miles each week. 

Soon the plan for the establishment of Ashmun Institute 
was projected and carried forward. For a year he was 
engaged as an assistant in erecting the buildings, and after- 
wards as the first steward of Ashmun. Institute. During 
all this time he prosecuted his studies with remarkable 
success. He kept constantly in mind the expressive 
maxim, that "The oil of gladness glistens only upon the 
brow of labor." 

He graduated with the class of 1858. In October of the 
same year he was licensed and ordained by the Presbytery 
of New Castle, Delaware, and afterwards sailed a mis- 
sionary to Africa, in company with Pev. Armistead Miller, 
and the present pastor of the Presbyterian Church in 
Monrovia, his brother, Rev. Thomas Amos, also a graduate 
of the institution. 

Rev. James P. Amos and his companions arrived safely 
in Liberia, in the summer of 1859, and in a few weeks was 
successfully operating in his missionary station at Green- 
ville, Sinou county. Subsequently he established a mis- 
sionary station at Niffou, where he was the means of accom- 
plishing much good. The following extract is from his 
letter to Pev. Dr. Dickey, dated Niffou, June 5th, 1861. 

" We are happily situated in this place, and find it to be 
the greatest and most interesting field in Liberia. We are 
among the largest and most tyrannizing tribe on the coast; 
and they say that their tribe extends back to the volcanic 
mountains on the North, and to the waters of the Niger 
Piver Northeast. We have written the Board for advice 
in relation to exploring that part of the continent. 

" Our school is full, we have twenty-four boarders, and the 
Sabbath-school is very large ; the people come to hear the 
word of God. Morning and evening prayers find many in 
attendance. We have access to many thousand heathens. 

"We have built a boat since we acclimated, with which 
we transport our goods and effects from Greenville. She is 
a most excellent sea boat. Thomas and myself have taken 
passage in her several times. She is manned with fi\e 



26 

natives, one of whom is captain, a worthy and trusty fellow. 
The President and many others have given us the greatest 
applause for our adventure. 

"You must know, that even never tiring perseverance and 
undaunted courage, without the special direction of the 
providence and grace of God, could never have accom- 
plished what we have been the humble instruments in 
doing, in the last six months." 

It will be seen that the labors of the missionaries were 
not simply to preach the word, but also to open up the way 
for that great work. Besides a necessary acquaintance with 
the useful arts, it was found that a knowledge of the natural 
sciences was, to them, of much service. 

While Mr. Amos was travelling as a missionary, he con- 
tributed some valuable accessions to the museum of Ashmun 
Institute, as well as other scientific collections. 

In 1864, Mr. Amos was called to the United States, on 
business relating to his labors in Africa. He visited New 
York, Philadelphia, Heading, and other cities of the Union. 
While laboring temporarily in the Presbyterian Church at 
Heading, Pennsylvania, he died of consumption, only a few 
months from the time he landed in the States. 

In the death of Mr. Amos, an important link of connec- 
tion between two great continents was severed, and very 
many hearts were made sorrowful by the severe stroke of 
Providence, which removed him from labor to reward. 

Mr. Amos was kind and gentle in his disposition, though 
possessed of much force of character. As a gospel minister 
he sought the salvation of all, but felt that his great calling 
was to seek the conversion and elevation of his own op- 
pressed people in Africa; and the results of his patient and 
faithful labors in that benighted land, have enrolled his 
name with the most distinguished missionaries and pioneers 
who have visited that continent. 

Mr, John W, Holm, 
.\,i extractfrom the Presbyterian Almanac for 1864. 

John W. Holm, son of John W. and Margaret (Baron) 

Holm, was born in the town of St. Thomas, in the Island 
of St. Thomas, Danish West Indies, in the year 1837. 
While but an infant his mother and father died, and he 



27 

was taken to live with his grand-parents at Tortola, a small 
island east of St. Thomas. They were very poor people, 
but devoted Christians. They taught John to love and 
fear God, and walk in his ways. They sent him to the 
district school, and determined to do all they could to have 
him educated to the extent of their ability. But soon they 
were called from the cares of this life, and poor John was 
again left alone in the earthly struggle. 

Not long after this sad bereavement, he was taken back 
to St. Thomas by his uncle, Mr. Alexander Baron, a dealer 
in segars, and apprenticed to the trade of segar-maker. 
So well was his uncle pleased with his deportment, that he 
soon committed to him the general direction of business in 
the establishment. In this situation he remained until he 
was twenty-two years of age. 

Mr. Holm never departed from that religious turn of 
mind he had received from his parents and grand-parents. 
He always shunned the company of wicked persons. His 
delight was to be in the Sabbath-school and the lyceum. 

On the 27th of March, 1853, he was confirmed by Eev. 
John Knox, pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church, of which 
Mr. Holm became a useful member. 

He had from early childhood cherished the idea of be- 
coming a missionary in Africa; and in 1859, rather unex- 
pectedly to his friends, he started upon that important 
mission. In this voyage he came to the United States via 
Halifax, and visited Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. 
In the midst of pecuniary embarrassment, he met Hev. J. B. 
Pinney, LL.D., in New York, who from that time became 
his constant friend. Learning of his intention to sail for 
Africa, and discovering in him a vigorous intellect, Dr. 
Pinney urged him to remain in the United States to com- 
plete his education. But he could not be persuaded. 

Having made the passage to that benighted country, and 
seen the great need of educated men, he soon returned to 
follow the advice of Dr. Pinney. Aided by Hon. Wm. E. 
Dodge of New York, he entered Ashmun Institute, where 
he studied two years, thence to the Theological Seminary 
at Auburn, New York, entering as a member of the Junior 
class in 1861. 



28 

In 1862 he was licensed by the Cayuga Presbytery, and 
during the summer of 18G3, he was laboring as a stated 
supply to the Siloam Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, New 
York. While thus engaged in his Master's cause he died 
of typhoid fever, September 10th, 1863. 

The unexpected death of Mr. Holm caused a shadow to 
fall upon many a heart; and upon none more than those 
who had been endeared to him by the social ties of college 
life. Appropriate exercises were held concerning his death 
by the Faculty and students of Auburn Seminary and Ash- 
mun Institute. 

Mr. Holm's traits of character were marked. Some 
excellent ones were so prominent that none failed to observe 
them, but there were others more excellent, nobler, con- 
cealed in his modest and retiring demeanor, and manifest 
only as called out in the course of duty, or surprised into 
action by some sudden hope or fear for the success or defeat 
of a cherished plan. 

At the meeting of the students of Auburn Seminary, 
called in consequence of his death, Uev. Prof. J. B. Condit, 
L). D., said: "When he entered this institution two years 
ago, perhaps all felt that it would be difficult so to treat him 
that he would be happy and at home with us. His position 
and bearing at once, were such that the difficulty vanished. 
He speedily won our respect, confidence, and love. He 
has mingled with us in social intercourse in the class-room, 
in the religious services of the chapel, with such modesty, 
gentleness, and devotion to his one great purpose as a 
Christian student, that we shall always love to cherish his 
memory." 

Nathaniel X. Lindscy. 

Nathaniel N. Lindsey was raised in Fallowfield township, 
Chester county, Pennsylvania. lie was a farmer boy. 
Having attended the public school of his district to great 
advantage, and desiring to become a teacher to his needy 
race, he entered Ashmun Institute in 1858, when about 17 
years of age. Here lie pursued his studies diligently until 
1860, when he determined to sail for Liberia. Having pro- 
cured the necessary direction he took passage the same year, 



29 

and arriving safe in that infant Republic, he began his 
favorite and noble work of instructing the benighted sons of 
Ham. His hope was large and bright, but was destined 
soon to fade like the full blown flower that continueth but 
a day. His labors in Africa were short, he, not long after 
his arrival, being prostrated with a malady from which he 
died in a few months. 

His relatives and many friends in America mourn his 
early death. 

Lindsey was a sweet and affectionate youth; yet very de- 
cided in his character. Had he been spared a few years 
longer, his labors would have perpetuated his name. 

Her. Charles C. Hartshorn, 

Charles C. Hartshorn was born in Cecil county, Mary- 
land, on the 10th of June, 1829. He was raised on the 
farm and became a hard-working industrious man. 

He embraced religion when but a youth, and was in early 
life a local preacher in the African Methodist Episcopal 
Church, where his labors were very acceptable. But being 
convinced that he ought to give hirnself entirely to the work 
of the ministry, in 1863 he entered Ashmun Institute, in 
order to prepare himself more fully for its duties. In this 
Institution, he studied with much advantage till 1865; dur- 
ing the height of the rebellion he enlisted for the war. He 
went into camp William Penn, Philadelphia, where, after a 
few days illness, he died on the first of August, about six 
weeks from the time of enlistment. 

Mr. Hartshorn's death produced a deep and general sen- 
sation of grief among the students and his numerous friends. 
He was a straightforward, sober, and honest man. His 
pleasant manner and correct deportment made him beloved 
by all who knew him. 



30 



VIII. OUR INSTITUTION. 

An Address delivered by William I). Johnson 9 at the Commence- 
ment, dime 29 th, iHiiti. 

Mr. President, Friends, and Fellow-Students: 

This Institution has passed through the period of experi- 
ment. It has at times been shaken to its foundation; and 
its enemies have prayed that it might fall. Its supporters, 
true friends of our race, relied upon God. They believed 
that this college would be a lever to assist in raising the 
once mighty, but palsied hand of Ethiopia, which she sighs 
to stretch out to the eternal God. 

A young colored man, who felt, "woe is unto me, if I 
preach not the gospel," and who also felt very much the 
need of education, was seen regularly to approach a large 
stone, near the present situation of this building, where he 
prayed that God would help him. He became the private 
student of Dr. Dickey. Ashmun Institute was planned, 
and that stone, so often washed by the tears of the earnest 
seeker, was the first in its foundation. He was its first 
student — its first graduate — its first missionary to Africa. 
How many young men have followed his steps'? How many 
are now oppressed with groanings which cannot be uttered, 
for the same reasons that once bowed him down'? How 
many arc now pursuing the same course'? 

Sirs, the labors of the past year have made this Institu- 
tion like a high and shining sun, whose light, diverging in 
ten thousand directions, cheers the dark minds of hundreds 
just liberated from slavery. This is the grand centre of 
attraction to our young men aspiring to usefulness and 
honor. She has closed ten years with an average of the 
same number of students each year to represent her; but 
how different is it to-day? Her walls are crowded, and 
she is expanding her wings to make room for her famish- 
ing children. An institution that has kept but a doubtful 
pace with ten years, has suddenly thrown away the robe of 
obscurity and become a University. To-day the prayer of 
Van Rensselaer is more than answered. Here, ten souls 
have been converted to God in a single day. Our friends 



31 

are in the high places of the nation. The exigencies of the 
war have filled our halls with those who had not the hardi- 
hood to expect such blessings. Whilst our large and im- 
posing buildings are rearing their spires toward heaven 
under a new and revered appellation. 

Yes, the name is changed. In the history of the world- 
wide efforts to elevate our race, there does not appear two 
more illustrious names than those adopted by our institu- 
tion. As African-Americans, we shall regard them as the 
strong and beautiful pillars which shall support the fallen 
energies of a people emancipated by their efforts. As 
students of the University, we shall remember them alike. 
Ashmun, thy self-denial, thy extended labors beneath the 
tropical sun of our fatherland, the sacrifice of thy life upon 
the desolated altars of poor Africa, will never be forgotten. 
Thou hast touched a chord in the heart of our people that 
will vibrate for ever. The garland placed over the door of 
the college by Van Rensselaer, in perpetuation of thy 
memory, shall not be trampled in the dust, nor marred. 
But while the brightness of Lincoln's name shall adorn the 
outward tabernacle, thine shall be cherished in the sanctum 
sanctorum of our hearts. 

But what shall we say of Lincoln % A hardy but honest 
son of the West emerged from obscurity, and by the flicker- 
ing light of Providence, hewed his way through the dark 
passes of political life, and standing at the head of the ages, 
he preached deliverance to the enslaved. He struck for the 
liberties of a persecuted and despised people, whom all 
feared to assist, and but few pitied. He redeemed them 
with his blood. O how the heart struggles to measure its 
outbursting gratitude! The effort is vain. It is like a 
drop in the ocean. It is swallowed up in the emotions of 
the great. The prairies still droop over his hallowed tomb. 
The nations still weep at hearing his name. Senates still 
cherish the drapery that enshrouded their halls in gloom. 
Marble is fashioned to his likeness, and his greatness is 
written upon the eternal rocks. But O, Lincoln, our 
martyr, What can we do 7 ? Poor, despised, and disfran- 
chised, we still drag the chain. Yet, we hope, because thy 



32 

friends, thy true friends, are struggling with us in the holy 
cause for which # thou didst die. But ah! what gratitude 
stirs my breast! My muse, whither hast thou fled! Mar- 
tyred Lincoln! 

When nations hush the muffled sob of woe, 
When our last tear thro' ages vast shall flow, 
When Senates lose their drapipgs worn for thee, 
Thou martyred champion of the noble free, 
Here on this consecrated spot shall rise, 
Shall lift thy hallowed mem'ry to skies 
A monument of intellectual blaze, 
Shall gild thy labors thro' unnumbered days; 
And by its light shall Afric's children blest, 
Thy goodness read. Rest, Lincoln, rest! 



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